Data Key:
N/A -- Information not available
P -- Physical restraint hold | M -- Mechanical restraint | S -- Seclusion
H -- Hospital | R -- Residential facility

The database below is organized by state, and then chronologically within each state.

Name	Age	Sex	State	Date	Method	Institution	Type	Notes on death	Cause of death
Campos, Edith	15	F	AZ	2/2/98	P	Desert Hills Center	R	Restrained after not giving staff a family photo.	Asphyxiation
Ward, Charles	45	M	CA	2/14/92	M	Brotman Memorial Hospital	H	Medicated and restrained for 11 hours.	No autopsy; a doctor signed the death certificate stating Ward died of heart failure
Jadeed, Zouhair	22	M	CA	3/15/92	M	Napa State Hospital	H	Strapped face down on a mattress after eight hours of restraint.	Napa County sheriff's coroner listed cause of death as "undetermined"
Kiefer, Marc	38	M	CA	2/3/93	M	East Bay Hospital	H	Restrained to bed with straps, belts and cuffs for 18 hours.	Psychiatric drug overdose, according to lawsuit
T., Laurajean	47	F	CA	7/13/94	M	John George Psychiatric Pavilion	H	Face down on bed and placed in five-point restraints.	Asphyxiation from positioning in restraints
Webb, Barry	36	M	CA	11/19/94	M	Valley Medical Center	H	Placed in restraints for more than seven hours.	Cardiac arrest
unidentified	33	M	CA	4/1/95	M	Napa State Hospital	H	Died after being restrained overnight in a chair with waistbelt.	Cerebral and cerebellar hypoxia
Jackson, Robert	42	M	CA	4/5/96	M	East Bay Hospital	H	Strapped to bed and given anti-psychotic drug cocktail.	Overdose of clomipramine
Diaz, Joseph Richard	40	M	CA	4/30/96	P	Fairview Developmental Center	R	Restrained face down on bed.	Undetermined
Kanda, Jimmy	6	M	CA	9/20/97	M	Crow's Nest Family Care Home	R	Strangled in restraint; 911 operator had to talk staff through CPR.	Asphyxiation
unidentified	20	M	CA	N/A	M	N/A	H	Restrained face down to a hospital bed; found dead later.	N/A
unidentified	17	M	CA	N/A	M	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
unidentified	N/A	M	CA	N/A	N/A	CPC Fremont Hospital	H	Died while face down in restraints.	N/A
Collier, Casey	17	M	CO	12/21/93	P	Cleo Wallace Center	R	6-foot-5-inch boy restrained.	Asphyxiation
Small, Marcia	78	F	CO	5/8/98	M	North Suburban Medical Center	H	Hung partially out of bed with vest restraint around her neck.	Strangulation by ligature
Jacob, Richard	40	M	CT	3/25/90	P	Timothy Terrace CLA	R	Face down, arms in front of chest; aide on top.	Cardiac arrhythmia
Zentai, Katalin	43	F	CT	12/26/96	M	Connecticut Valley Hospital	H	Placed in a restraint chair for 30 of last 36 hours; died of blood clots.	Bilateral pulmonary emboli
McClain, Andrew	11	M	CT	3/22/98	P	Elmcrest Hospital	H	Face-down restraint with arms crossed over chest.	Asphyxiation
Crumpler, Mardee	31	F	DE	9/6/93	M	Stockley Center	H	Rolled in gym mat and suffocated.	Asphyxiation
Thomas, Emory	42	M	FL	1996	M	Manatee Glens	H	Tied to bed with five-point restraints.	Heart attack
unidentified	N/A	F	FL	12/4/95	P	Gulf Coast Center	H	One of four employees straddled her.	Anoxic encephalopathy due to mechanical asphyxia due to restraint; ruled a homicide
Rawls, Robert Lee	29	M	FL	1/11/97	P	South Florida State Hospital	H	Placed in a choke hold while struggling with aides.	Asphyxiation leading to brain damage
Payne, Gerry A.	35	M	GA	4/17/98	P	Central State Hospital	H	Attacked employee, then restrained by staff members.	Sudden, unexpected death associated with psychotic episode; contributing factor: cardiomegaly
Campbell, Chris	13	M	IA	11/2/97	P	Iowa Juvenile Home	R	Restrained four times in last 24 hours.	Undetermined
Sleeth, Ed	66	M	IA	2/3/98	M	Woodward State Hospital	H	Supposed to be restrained to wheelchair.	Blunt trauma to head
Clark, Robin Lee	39	M	IA	6/4/98	M,P	Woodward State Hospital	H	Clark tied up, physically restrained after swallowing part of toothbrush	Complications from swallowing a toothbrush
unidentified	N/A	M	ID	early '90s	N/A	Idaho State Hospital South	H	Patient went into convulsions; restrained.	No autopsy performed
Wallace, Wauketta	12	M	IL	7/11/89	P	Maryville Academy	R	Restrained on back or stomach.	Postural asphyxia and stress due to restraint
Cook, Larry	50	M	IL	1/2/97	M	Roseland Community Hospital	H	Tried to burn restraints off with lighter. Cook and another patient died.	Smoke inhalation, burns.
Gray, Roxanna	17	F	IN	7/6/89	P	Family and Children's Center	R	Restrained face down on a pillow.	Suffocation
Dahlke, David	39	M	KS	1/10/89	P	Winfield State Hospital	H	Restrained face down on mat.	Records closed to public
Mapes, Thomas	17	M	KS	7/8/94	M,P	Youth Center at Topeka	R	Handcuffed and brought face down to floor.	Asphyxiation
Bogrett, Jeffrey	9	M	MA	12/1/95	M	New England Center for Autism	R	New Hampshire boy died in restraints at a Massachusetts group home.	Sudden death during restraint
Rollins, Robert	12	M	MA	4/21/97	P	Devereaux School	R	Restrained face down with arms crossed over chest.	Positional asphyxiation during restraint
Galligan, James	59	M	MA	12/1/97	P	Pembroke Hospital	H	Suffered a heart attack while being restrained by staff.	Heart disease; diabetes and bipolar disorder contributed
Soares, Mark	16	M	MA	4/29/98	P	Wayside Union Academy	R	Aides thought teen was faking unconsciousness	Cardiac arrest
Isaacson, Kent	37	M	ME	8/6/88	M	Augusta Mental Health Institute	H	Restrained to bed for long periods of time before his death.	N/A
Smith, Earl	9	M	MI	1/11/95	P	Children's Village	R	Restrained face down by staffer who thought his distress was a ruse.	Asphyxiation due to chest compression
Halfacre, Benjamin	37	M	MI	5/6/97	P	Hummer Lake Group Home	R	Held him down from behind and took him to floor.	Respiratory and cardiac arrest
Thomas, Bobby Sue	17	F	MN	8/16/96	P	Northwood Children's Home	R	Face down restraint.	Acute cardiac arrhythmia
Pettit, Sherilee	35	F	MN	5/18/97	P	Cambridge Regional Human Services Center	R	Face down restraint for 4.5 minutes.	Positional asphyxia secondary to restraint hold
Andrews, Buddy Earl	39	M	MO	4/24/95	P	Fulton State Hospital	H	Broke neck while being taken down.	Broken neck
Schumacher, Richard	44	M	MO	11/17/95	P	St. Louis State Hospital	H	Refused to be discharged, taken down by security.	Sudden death, marked agitation and physical restraint
Harris, Robin	25	F	NC	4/7/90	M	Dorothea Dix Hospital	H	Incident in which young female patient died after restraint.	Heart condition (natural causes)
Sovern, Tristan	16	M	NC	3/4/98	P	Charter Greensboro	H	Face down on floor, towel in mouth.	Asphyxiation
Young, Kelly	17	F	NJ	1/5/98	P	Brisbane Child Treatment Center	R	Placed in basket hold and taken to floor.	Asphyxiation
unidentified	50s	F	NV	1995	S	Unidentified private hospital	H	In locked seclusion; set fire to room; died of fumes.	Smoke inhalation
F.H.	30	M	NV	9/25/95	P	Nevada Mental Health Institute	H	Six aides restrained him face down, one on buttocks.	Heart disease, congenital defect of the heart
W.D.	N/A	F	NV	8/15/96	M	University Medical Center	H	Cardiorespiratory arrest in four-point restraint.	Thermal brain injury due to hypoxia due to cardiorespiratory arrest
Ramon Luz (pseudonym)	33	M	NY	1988	M	Rockland Psychiatric Center	H	Violent behavior led to camisole restraint for four hours.	Acute respiratory arrest due to drug intoxication due to multiple drug synergism
9012192	N/A	M	NY	1990	S	Creedmoor Psychiatric Center	R	Suffered severe burns in fire he started in seclusion room	Undetermined
9207042	60	F	NY	1992	N/A	Brunswick Hall	R	Became unresponsive while nursing staff placed her in bed. No deficiencies cited.	Sudden cardiac event
9711011	72	F	NY	1997	M	Cabrini Medical Center	H	Wrist restraints ordered to enhance hydration, nutrition; safety measure.	Cardio-pulmonary arrest
8801252	N/A	F	NY	1/16/88	N/A	Elmhurst Hospital Medical Center	H	Death's circumstances did not suggest any deficiencies in care	Convulsive disorder
8802016	39	M	NY	2/7/88	P	Hudson River Psychiatric Center	H	Patient physically restrained while face down; became unresponsive.	Probable asphyxia
8803972	N/A	N/A	NY	3/15/88	N/A	Bellevue Hospital Medical Center	H	No deficiencies in care found	Chronic ethanolism and narcotism, cirrhosis of the liver
8806172	26	F	NY	6/17/88	M	South Beach Psychiatric Center	H	Died after release from 4-point restraint	Cardiac arrhythmia following administration of antipsychotic medications
8808030	76	M	NY	8/7/88	M	County Hospital of Western Suffolk	H	On Aug. 6, patient was found on floor, with restraint attached.	Shock, dehydration and urosepsis.
8808099	N/A	F	NY	8/24/88	N/A	Kings Park Psychiatric Center	H	Physician failed to stabilize; hospital privileges revoked	Chronic bronchitis due to bronchial asthma
8810187	48	F	NY	10/23/88	M	Franklin General Hospital	H	4-point mechanical restraint; not checked as required.	Acute pulmonary thromboembolism; deep leg vein thrombosis
8901095	28	N/A	NY	1/18/89	M	Mid-Hudson Psychiatric Center	H	Death after camisole restraint; no deficiencies cited.	Acute cardiac failure, hypertensive arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease
8902015	N/A	M	NY	2/1/89	N/A	Metropolitan Hospital Medical Center	H	No deficiencies in care cited	Probably cocaine intoxication
8903013	39	M	NY	3/4/89	P	Hudson River Psychiatric Center	H	During restraint, peers reportedly struck and sat on patient's abdomen.	Acute asphyxia secondary to aspiration of gastric contents
8907036	N/A	N/A	NY	7/11/89	P	Association for the Help of Retarded Children	R	Police did overlaying restraint; ruled homicide; no facility citations	Asphyxia due to chest compression, due to overlaying during restraint by police officers
8908106	22	F	NY	8/24/89	M	Mid-Hudson Psychiatric Center	H	During first four days was in almost constant restraints.	Suicide; asphyxia due to strangulation with sheeting material wrapped around neck
8908100	36	M	NY	8/25/89	P	Eliot House	R	Police restrained patient after he became agitated, displaying paranoia.	Cardiac arrest secondary to release of catecholamines and toxic levels of medication
8910009	74	M	NY	10/4/89	M	Erie County Medical Center	H	Patient was placed in a jacket-vest and given Haldol.	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure
8911010	31	M	NY	11/5/89	M	Capital District Psychiatric Center	H	After Ativan and Prolixin injections, patient became unresponsive	Severe coronary artery sclerosis; ischemic damage to colon, stomach, kidney, brain, liver
9001042	41	M	NY	1/9/90	P	Stony Lodge Hospital	H	Patient collapsed during restraint attempt; no deficiencies cited.	Exhaustive psychosis
9002105	N/A	N/A	NY	2/17/90	N/A	The Bridge Inc.	R	No deficiencies cited in record	No autopsy performed
9005103	N/A	M	NY	5/17/90	M	Queens Hospital Center	H	Patient was placed in restraints twice in three days prior to death	Therapeutic complications arising from the use of certain medications
unidentified	N/A	N/A	NY	5/24/90	N/A	Builders for Family and Youth	R	No deficiencies cited in record	N/A
9007150	37	F	NY	7/27/90	S	Mohawk Valley Psychiatric Center	H	Locked in seclusion for 4 hours; released; no vital signs 2.5 hours later.	Undetermined
9008107	16	M	NY	8/19/90	P	Nassau County Medical Center	H	Patient unmanageable, restrained by staff. No deficiencies cited	Congenital heart defect
9010014	N/A	M	NY	10/2/90	P	Manhattan Psychiatric Center	H	Some staffers didn't have refresher training on restraint use since 1987	Fatal injuries sustained while being restrained
9103068	N/A	M	NY	3/8/91	M	Kings County Hospital Center	H	Became unresponsive while being transported. No deficiencies cited.	Acute and chronic substance abuse
9103075	28	M	NY	3/15/91	S	Mid-Hudson Psychiatric Center	H	While in seclusion, patient put sock in airway. No deficiencies cited.	Suicide by impaction of sock into throat and asphyxiation
9103128	39	M	NY	3/26/91	M	Elmhurst City Hospital	H	Emergency communication problems cited.	N/A
9107093	N/A	F	NY	7/4/91	N/A	St. Barnabas Hospital	H	Admitted the previous day. No deficiencies cited.	Death due to dilated hytrophic cardiomyopathy
9107081	28	M	NY	7/22/91	P	Creedmoor Psychiatric Center	R	Restraint followed by seizure-like movement; no deficiencies cited.	Hyperthermia (body temperature at 108 degrees)
9107132	N/A	N/A	NY	7/22/91	N/A	Harlem Valley Psychiatric Center	H	No deficiencies in care cited	N/A
9108127	73	M	NY	8/31/91	M	Erie County Medical Center	H	No autopsy; other findings of fault in care.	Myocardial infarction
9110071	11	M	NY	10/21/91	M	Our Lady of Victory Infant Home	R	Patient left unattended in Tumble Form seat on waterbed.	Cardio-respiratory arrest
9111165	N/A	N/A	NY	11/4/91	N/A	Metropolitan Hospital Center	H	Dept. of Health cited deficiencies in care	N/A
9201152	N/A	M	NY	1/29/92	M	Harlem Hospital Center	H	Cited for state law violations; restrained several hours without MD orders	Cause not cited
9203080	N/A	M	NY	3/21/92	N/A	Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center	H	No deficiencies in care cited	N/A
9207001	62	M	NY	7/4/92	N/A	Binghamton Psychiatric Center	H	No deficiencies in care cited.	Natural causes cited; no further investigation
9207031	84	F	NY	7/11/92	M	St. John's Episcopal South Side	H	Found dead in bed; no deficiencies cited.	Arteriosclerotic heart disease
9208036	N/A	F	NY	8/8/92	M	Elmhurst City Hospital Center	H	Patient was agitated, requiring wrist and ankle restraints. No deficiencies cited.	No autopsy performed
9200000	28	M	NY	10/5/92	P	Letchworth Village Developmental Center	R	Restrained on mat by staff; physician ordered 2.5 mg. of Valium.	Seizure disorder
9210100	29	M	NY	10/22/92	M	Bronx Psychiatric Center	H	Secured to bed by a sheet across his chest; ruled homicide	Asphyxia leading to anoxic encephalopathy
9211112	31	F	NY	11/23/92	S	Creedmoor Psychiatric Center	H	Center cited for "serious'' oversight and record-keeping problems	Intoxication, due to combined effect of six drugs
9304162	N/A	M	NY	4/28/93	M	Kings County Hospital Center	H	Transferred there in March because of immune system conditions. No deficiencies cited.	Death attributed to AIDS
9305066	72	F	NY	5/17/93	M	Niagara Falls Memorial Medical Center	H	Found slumped in geri-chair with posey restraint pressing against neck.	Cardiopulmonary arrest due to hypoxic cerebral encephalopathy
9308010	77	F	NY	8/4/93	N/A	Manhattan Psychiatric Center	H	No deficiencies in care; record-keeping deficiencies cited.	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
9308054	74	M	NY	8/16/93	M	Elmira Psychiatric Center	H	Moved from geriatric to acute admission unit. No deficiencies cited.	Sepsis
9310044	N/A	M	NY	10/14/93	P	Letchworth Village Developmental Center	R	Put in day room for observation following final restraint.	Spontaneous rupture of arteriovenous malformation
9312023	34	M	NY	12/1/93	S	Capital District Psychiatric Center	H	Patient found slumped over in quiet room. No deficiencies cited	Acute cardiac failure, cardiomyopathy, severe hypertension; in seclusion
9402035	N/A	M	NY	2/2/94	M	St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital Center	H	Restrained for approximately 38 hours prior to death	Cardiac arrhythmia secondary to cardiac myopathy following release from prolonged restraint
9402013	38	M	NY	2/4/94	M	Kings Park Psychiatric Center	H	Found lethargic and verbally unresponsive in geri-chair.	Complications of agitated psychosis (bipolar disorder) w/ rhabdomyolysis and acute pneumonia
9402144	N/A	F	NY	2/27/94	M	Coney Island Hospital	H	Patient became assaultive, requiring Ativan and wrist and ankle restraints	Pulmonary hypertension due to chronic bronchial asthma
9403047	37	M	NY	3/14/94	P	Wilton Developmental Center	R	Patient vomited during takedown restraint; no deficiencies cited.	Hyperemia of tracheo-bronchial airways; pulmonary congestion
9404117	84	F	NY	4/25/94	M	Mid-Island Hospital	H	Death's circumstances did not suggest any deficiencies in care.	Congestive heart failure
9408031	32	M	NY	8/10/94	P	Letchworth Village Developmental Center	R	Restrained face down; patient stopped struggling after 12 minutes.	Asphyxiation due to aspiration of stomach contents
Griffiths, Jamar	15	M	NY	10/18/94	P	Allen Residential Center	R	Breathing was obstructed while being restrained.	Traumatic asphyxia and brain death from lack of oxygen due to heart and lung failure
9604131	37	M	NY	4/24/96	P	Taconic DDSO	R	Placed in standing hold; went into lying hold for 20 minutes.	Undetermined
9608047	N/A	M	NY	8/12/96	P	East Leon Road IRA	R	Float staff unfamiliar with case placed him in hold.	Traumatic asphyxia
9608105	N/A	M	NY	8/31/96	S	Finger Lakes DDSO	R	Placed in timeout room; no deficiencies cited.	Acute subdural hematoma
9702024	36	M	NY	2/5/97	P	Sunmount DDSO	R	Placed in lying hold; no deficiencies cited.	Ventricular arrhythmia
9704018	23	M	NY	4/3/97	M	Interfaith Medical Center	H	Died during 4-point restraint; second of day. No deficiencies cited.	Hypertensive cardiovascular disease
Hunt, Donald	39	M	NY	4/25/97	P	The Holliswood Hospital	H	Died during takedown in preparation for restraint.	Cardiac arrest
Martoral, Maximo	40	M	NY	6/24/97	P	Finger Lakes DDSO	R	Died of choking and asphyxia during restraint	Asphyxiation
Roberts, William	34	M	NY	7/13/97	P	Broome Developmental Center	R	After placed in hold, patient fell to side and vomited.	Massive aspiration of gastric contents
Phelps, Dustin E.	14	M	OH	3/1/98	M	Lancaster foster home	R	Boy was wrapped in a blanket and mattress with straps	Undetermined
Goldman, Kevin	24	M	OK	12/21/93	P	Pioneer Home	R	Collapsed after being restrained by five aides.	Cardiac arrhythmia
Jang, Jung Sook	34	F	OR	10/10/90	M	Lane County Psychiatric Hospital	H	Strapped to bed and given three types of drugs	Heart attack
Gorneau Jr., Peter Lynn	32	M	OR	10/8/93	P	Dammasch State Hospital	H	Towel over face while holding him on table	Smothered while being restrained
Prinkey, Leroy	14	M	PA	9/28/88	P	Western Center	R	Aide used a "one-man body" slide that led to face-down restraint	Cerebral anoxia caused by heart and lung failure due to forceful restraint
Tallman, Jason	12	M	PA	5/12/93	P	KidsPeace	R	Restrained face down on pillow	Suffocation
Dorsey, Sakena	18	F	PA	6/10/97	P	Foundations Behavioral Health	R	Placed face down on the floor with staffer laying across back	Suffocation
Arnold, Michael	19	M	PA	7/15/97	P	Keystone City Residence	R	Prone torso restraint after he tried to leave a day camp	Asphyxiation due to chest compression
Knisley, Betty Jean	60	F	PA	1/23/98	M	Laurelton State Mental Retardation Ctr	R	Strangled in wheelchair restraints	Asphyxia by mechanical restraint
D.S.	N/A	M	PA	Feb. 1995	P	Hamburg State Mental Retardation Ctr	R	Staff took boy to floor	N/A
Harris, Diane	17	F	TX	4/11/90	P	Seguin Community Living Center	R	Basket hold technique was used	Asphyxiation
Jacques, Jorge	28	M	TX	10/11/90	P	Rio Grande State Center	H	Banging his head on floor; put a pillow under it; suffocated	Suffocation
Green, Anthony	15	M	TX	5/12/91	P	Brookhaven Youth Ranch	R	Unruly resident restrained in face-down floor hold for 15 minutes	Asphyxiation
Roberts, Eric	16	M	TX	2/22/96	M	Odyssey Harbor	R	Wrapped in a plastic and foam blanket with Velcro for one hour.	Stopped breathing due to pressure on the chest, according to autopsy
Randolph, Bobby Jo	17	M	TX	9/26/96	P	Progressive Youth Center	R	Taken to floor and restrained by two aides	Asphyxia due to compression of neck
Epps, Trake	26	M	TX	12/1/96	P	Corpus Christi State School	R	Found unconscious on floor, subdued by choking.	Cardiac disrhythmia during restraint by bar/positional asphyxia
Clayborne, Roshelle	16	F	TX	8/18/97	P	Laurel Ridge	R	Pinned face down by aides, given tranquilizer.	Cardiac arrhythmia or irregular beating of the heart
Mulkey, Christopher	26	M	TX	8/19/97	P	Corpus Christi State School	R	Mulkey placed in basket hold; later suffered a severe asthma attack.	Asthma attack
Jeffries, Demetrius	17	M	TX	8/26/97	P	Crockett State School	R	Stopped breathing while being restrained.	Strangulation
Gordon, Sandra	45	F	UT	1/6/98	M	Rosewood Terrace Care Center	R	Left unchecked in restraints for 10 hours.	Strangulation and blunt trauma
Wilson, Elwin Darrick	23	M	VA	5/27/93	M,P	Central State Hospital	H	Restrained by more than a dozen staffers and left in seclusion room.	Sudden cardiac death
Huntley, Gloria	31	F	VA	6/29/96	M	Central State Hospital	H	Restrained 300 hours in last month of life.	Acute and chronic myocarditis (inflammation of the heart)
McGraw, Shinaul	12	M	WA	6/5/94	M	New Directions, Second Chance	R	Wrapped in bedsheet with gauze over mouth and restrained to bed.	Hyperthermia
Malloy, Joseph	41	M	WA	11/9/94	P	Rainier School	R	Arms, legs held down by staff for 7 to 8 minutes.	Hypoxic encephalopathy, broncho pneumonia
Weston, Loretta	61	F	WA	12/01/95	M	Rainier School	R	Restrained to toilet and left alone; lost consciousness, died 5 days later.	N/A
Neyman, Melissa	19	F	WA	7/24/97	M	Private group home	R	Unmonitored in restraints; hung out window unnoticed for six hours.	Strangled after climbing out window with restraints
Ferrarini, Joshua	13	M	WI	1/8/89	P	St. Aemelian-Lakeside Hospital	R	Face-down restraint.	Suffocation
unidenified	49	M	WI	3/9/96	M	Winnebago Mental Health Institute	H	Patient put in "burrito'' restraint (body wrap), then vomited and aspirated.	Aspiration
Polite, Fred	47	M	WI	9/14/96	M.P	Mendota State Hospital	H	Struggled with workers, restrained with sheet, left alone	Asphyxia, rib fractures, blunt trauma